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All Dissertations

Title

Voldritch

Author

Date of Award

August 2020

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Department

Food Technology

Committee Member

William Scott Whiteside

Committee Member

Ron Thomas

Committee Member

Hojae Bae

Committee Member

Kyle Dunno

Abstract

This research studied is about development of seaweed biodegradable nanocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from seaweed biomass and investigating the properties of the films. Study was conducted to isolate CNCs from seaweed biomass and these isolated CNCs are applied to developed seaweed biopolymer films. At last, degradability of these films was evaluated with a weight loss method in soil burial and lake water immersion systems.

CNCs were extracted from seaweed biomass of brown, red, and green by four steps process of depolymerization, bleaching, acid hydrolysis, and mechanical dispersion. Physicochemical and thermal properties were determined for each seaweed group and compared. Among the seaweeds, Sargassum fluitans (brown seaweed) was used to isolate CNCs and applied to alginate nanocomposite (Alg/CNCs) films. Alg/CNCs films showed gradual decreasing of water absorption/solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP), and light transmittance with increasing addition of CNCs. Also, addition of CNCs enhanced the tensile strength but elongation of Alg/CNCs films did not show the tendency due to its shrinkage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that CNCs layers can be formed in the alginate polymer matrix, and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed the chemical interaction between alginate polymer matrix and CNCs. Thermal stability test with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data suggested the addition of CNCs can improve the thermal properties of Alg/CNCs films.

Seaweed nanocomposite films were also developed with brown seaweeds crude extracts; kombu (Laminaria japonica) and sargassum (Sargassum natans). Obtained supernatant after acid-base pretreatment was used for film forming solution. Seaweed biopolymer films were formed by casting-evaporation method. CNCs were isolated from residues with acid-base pretreatment and applied to seaweed biopolymer film for developing bionanocomposite film. Kombu nanocomposite film was prepared with 5% CNCs (KNF-5), and sargassum nanocomposite film was formed with 5% and 25% CNCs (SNF-5 and SNF-25, respectively). Without addition of CNCs, kombu film (KF) appeared as a dark brown color and sargassum film (SF) as a light brown color. CNCs did not affect the color of the films. Through the SEM observation, holes and cracks were found in surface and cross section of KF and SF but they were covered up with CNCs. Chemical structure changes indicated the molecular strength was increased when CNCs were added to the KF and SF. Also, higher crystallinity index was obtained after CNCs addition. These changings led to improving not only the physicochemical characteristics but also mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. Total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging effect, and reducing power assay indicated that kombu film showed higher antioxidant properties than sargassum film but not significantly related to the CNCs addition.

Developed bionanocomposite films were conducted to degradation test for evaluating their biodegradability. It was performed under indoor soil burial and lake water immersion systems for 35 days and degradation rate was determined by weight loss. In both conditions, degradation results varied in the order as followed: Alginate nanocomposite film (ANF-5) > alginate film (AF) > KNF-5 > SNF-25, SNF-5 > KF > SF. Alginate-based films degraded up to 35% in soil and 53% in lake water for 35 days. In the case of seaweed films, they were eliminated by soil in 28 days and lake water in 7 days. Morphological observation showed wrinkles, pores, and cracks on their surface in the later days of the experiment. Besides, chemical structure changes revealed molecular bonding in polymer matrix diminished at the last stage of the process compared to before the test. Thermal stabilities also decreased due to reduction of the bonding strength after a certain period of days in both soil burial and lake water immersion systems.

Recommended Citation

Doh, Hansol, 'Development of Seaweed Biodegradable Nanocomposite Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals for Food Packaging' (2020). All Dissertations. 2663.
https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2663

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Item #: SCP-614

Doctor Voldritch's Experiment Mac Os Download

Object Class: Euclid

Special Containment Procedures: SCP-614 itself cannot be contained until knowledge is gained about the whereabouts of the server hosting SCP-614. Until then, knowledge of SCP-614 must be prevented from entering the public. Distributing the IP address of SCP-614 to unauthorized personnel is prohibited. Agents are to periodically take measures to make sure that access to SCP-614 is blocked at all internet service providers.

Description: SCP-614 is a website located at the IP address 57.32.███.███. The IPv4 block 57.0.0.0/8 is owned by SITA and used for telecommunications in the air transport industry. It is not yet known if this has any significance. SITA records do not show that the IP address has been allocated or used for any purpose, and SITA claims to have no knowledge of any servers operating at the address.

The homepage of SCP-614 is a plainly formatted search page. There is a single search box on the page, under which are three drop-down lists, a 'Search' button, and an 'I'm Feeling Lucky' button. The drop-down lists allow the user to specify a date, ranging from July 2nd, 2001, to August 25, 21██. The first date has been identified as the release date of the first 'BitTorrent' client, while the significance of the last date is as of yet unknown. When a date is entered and the 'Search' button is pressed, the website will load a list of search results, known as 'torrents', from various peer-to-peer file-sharing websites at the time of the given date. The 'I'm Feeling Lucky' button will return a single random result from a random date. Experiments have shown that searches with the date set at a past date are perfectly accurate as to the results, while searches from a future date are around 95% accurate at returning the actual results that will appear on the given date (see Experiment Log 614-1a). Examination of the web page's source code shows that the website operates by searching a local database. Efforts to retrieve the database or access it directly have been unsuccessful.

Addendum:

Experiment Log 614-1a
Researcher: Dr. Opus
Date: 08/12/2009
Description: Over the course of about 20 days, a series of tests were run to check the accuracy of SCP-614 regarding future torrents. A string was randomly generated and searched for in SCP-614, and a note was made if a previously generated dummy file was found. The next day a random number generator was used to decide if a torrent would be uploaded or not. If the torrent was to be uploaded, then the previously generated file was uploaded onto a popular torrent site with the unique string, generated the previous day, as a tag. This process was repeated 20 times. Out of the 20, SCP-614 predicted whether or not the file would be uploaded correctly 19 times out of 20, proving an accuracy rate of about 95%.

Experiment Log 614-1b
Date: 09/23/2009
Researcher: Dr. Opus
Description: An unreleased movie, titled [REDACTED], was searched for in SCP-614 and downloaded. Release was scheduled for approximately [REDACTED] months from the date of the search. Movie was viewed by research personnel. Upon release of [REDACTED], the movie was acquired legitimately and viewed again, side-by-side with the previously downloaded movie. While the plot remained the same, several changes were noted in the final movie, such as the removal of a secondary character and the addition of a scene. No changes were noted in the downloaded copy between the time it was originally downloaded and the time of the movie's release.

Doctor Voldritch's Experiment Mac Os Download

Note: In addition, while downloading the movie, it was noted that the IP addresses of the peers (other users connected together to facilitate sharing of the file) were the same as the IP address of SCP-614.

SCP-614 Download Logs:

Researcher Name: Dr. Opus

Doctor Voldritch's Experiment Mac Os Catalina

Date that site was accessed: 02/20/2011
Date entered into site: ██/██/203█
Search Terms: scp
File(s) Downloaded: wikileaks-scp-203█████████.7z

Description: The entire collection of Foundation documents, as uploaded by the 'WikiLeaks' organization. Some anomalies and inconsistencies with current documents were found, such as the inclusion of previously unknown SCP-███, the listing of SCPs ███, ███, and ███ as decommissioned, and [DATA EXPUNGED] of SCP-███. Further research into these 'leaked' files is being done, and further security precautions have been taken to try to prevent this security breach.

Doctor Voldritch's Experiment Mac Os 7

Dr. Opus: Requesting that SCP-614's object class be upgraded to Euclid, in light of its internet connection, the potential for public exposure, the frequently-changing contents of the website, and the possibility of the appearance of more hazardous files.

Doctor Voldritch's Experiment Mac Os 11

O5-█: Class change approved.

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