'The Necklace'
La Parure, illustration of the title page of the Gil Blas, 8 October 1893
AuthorGuy de Maupassant
Original title'La Parure'
CountryFrance
Genre(s)Short story
Publication date1884

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'The Necklace' (French: La Parure) is an 1884 short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant. It is known for its twist ending (ironic ending), which was a hallmark of de Maupassant's style. The story was first published on 17 February 1884 in the French newspaper Le Gaulois.[1]

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Plot[edit]

Madame Mathilde Loisel has always imagined herself an aristocrat, despite being born into a family of clerks (which she describes as an 'accident of fate'). Her husband is a low-paid clerk who tries his best to make her happy but has little to give. After much effort, he secures for them an invitation to a ball sponsored by the Ministry of Education.

Madame Loisel refuses to go, for she has nothing to wear and wishes not to be embarrassed. Upset at her displeasure, Loisel gives her 400 francs (approx. $2,315.00 USD in 2021)[2] – all the money he had been saving to go hunting with his friends – so she can buy a dress. Even after Madame Loisel does so, she is still unhappy because she has no jewels to wear with it. She spurns Loisel's idea of wearing fresh flowers instead, but takes his suggestion to borrow some jewelry from her friend, Madame Jeanne Forestier. She borrows a diamond necklace as her only ornamentation.

Madame Loisel enjoys herself at the ball, dancing with influential men and reveling in their admiration. Once she and Loisel return home, though, she discovers that she has lost Jeanne's necklace. Unable to find it or anyone who knows where it might have gone, they resign themselves to buying a replacement. At the Palais-Royal shops, they find a similar necklace priced at 40,000 francs (approx. $231,520.00 USD in 2021)[2] and bargain for it, eventually settling at 36,000 ($208,367.97 USD)[2]. Loisel uses an inheritance from his father to cover half the cost and borrows the rest at high interest. Madame Loisel gives the necklace to Jeanne without mentioning the loss of the original, and Jeanne does not notice the difference.

Mr. Loisel and Madame Loisel move into a shabby apartment and live in poverty for ten years, with him taking on night work as a copier to earn extra money and her sacrificing her beauty to do household chores on her own. After all the loans are paid off, Madame Loisel encounters Jeanne on the Champs-Élysées, but Jeanne barely recognizes her due to her shabby clothing and unkempt appearance. Madame Loisel tells Jeanne about the loss and replacement of the necklace and of the hard times she has endured on Jeanne's account. She blames her former friend for the past miserable 10 years. A horrified Jeanne reveals that the necklace she lent to Madame Loisel had contained fake diamonds and was worth no more than 500 francs ($2,893.99 USD)[2].

Themes[edit]

One of the themes within 'The Necklace' is the dichotomy of reality versus appearance. Madame Loisel is beautiful on the outside, but inside she is discontented with her less-than-wealthy lifestyle. Mathilde is gripped by a greed that contrasts with her husband's kind generosity. She believes that material wealth will bring her joy, and her pride prevents her from admitting to Madame Forestier that she is not rich, and that she has lost the necklace she borrowed.

Because of her pride and obsession with wealth, Mathilde loses ten years of her life and spends all of her savings on replacing the necklace, only to find out that the original necklace was a fake to begin with a falsely wealthy appearance, just like Madame Loisel herself.[3]

The story demonstrates the value of honesty; if Mathilde had told the truth to Madame Forestier, she would likely have been able to easily replace the necklace and enjoy the prosperity she wanted but never had.

Adaptations and other influence[edit]

The following are direct adaptations of 'The Necklace':

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  • The Diamond Necklace (1921), a Britishsilent film directed by Denison Clift and starring Milton Rosmer, Jessie Winter, and Warwik Ward
  • A String of Pearls (1926 film) (《一串珍珠》) (1926), a Chinese film directed by Li Zeyuan[4]
  • 'The Necklace' (1949), the first episode of the NBC-TV series Your Show Time (producer Stanley Rubin won the first-ever Emmy Award for this episode)
  • 'The Diamond Necklace' (1975), episode #276 of the CBS Radio Mystery Theater radio show series adapted by George Lowther.
  • Mathilde (2008), a stage musical by the Irish composer Conor Mitchell[5]
  • 'දියමන්ති මාලය' (Diyamanthi Maalaya), a translation by K. G. Karunathilake[6]

The following works were inspired in part by 'The Necklace':

  • 'Paste' (1899), a short story by Henry James in which the twist ending is reversed[7]
  • 'Mr. Know-All' (1925) and 'A String of Beads' (1943), short stories by Somerset Maugham that both revolve around the price of a necklace[8]
  • 'The Diamond Pendant' in Impact #1, E.C. Comics, March/April 1955; adaptation by Carl Wessler, illustrated by Graham Ingels[9]
  • Vennila Veedu (2014), a Tamil family drama uses a similar story as its main theme
  • The subplot of the season 4 episode 13 of Mom ('A Bouncy Castle and an Aneurysm' OAD: 9 Feb, 2017) is a comedic version of the story with Anna Faris' character losing the necklace belonging to her wealthy friend.

In Vladimir Nabokov's novel Ada or Ardor (1969), one of the characters, a writer, claims she has written a short story entitled 'La Rivière du diamants', which mimics Maupassant's 'The Necklace'. The moment in which this occurs is set in the book to be around 1884, the year in which Maupassant actually published his short story.

References[edit]

  1. ^Roberts, Edgar (1991). Writing Themes About Literature (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 4. ISBN9780139710605.
  2. ^ abcd'Historical Currency Converter'. Historicalstatistics.org. 22 April 2021.
  3. ^'The Necklace Themes - eNotes.com'. eNotes. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  4. ^Dillon, Michael (2010). China: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 207. ISBN9781850435822. OCLC705886007. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  5. ^Rudden, Liam (15 August 2008). 'Mathilde makes it to the stage'. Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  6. ^සිංහල සාහිත්‍ය සංග්‍රහය. Colombo: Education Publication Dept. Sri Lanka. 2016.
  7. ^James, Henry. 'Paste'. The Henry James scholar's Guide to Web Sites. Retrieved 27 September 2014. The origin of 'Paste' is rather more expressible.
  8. ^Shukman, Henry (28 May 2004). 'Homage to Maupassant'. The Guardian.
  9. ^Von Bernewitz, Fred and Geissman, Grant. Tales of Terror! The E.C. Companion, Seattle: Gemstone Publishing and Fantagraphics Books, 2000, p. 198.

External links[edit]

  • French Wikisource has original text related to this article: La Parure
  • The full text of The Necklace at Wikisource
  • Media related to La Parure at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Necklace public domain audiobook at LibriVox
  • The Necklace – Annotated text aligned to Common Core Standards
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Necklace&oldid=1019408455'

In the Scripture, there are a number of references to individuals, both men and women, who have worn necklaces. Interestingly enough the scriptural references to necklaces are only found in the Old Testament. Additionally, the necklace is not specifically used anywhere in the Bible.

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In general terms, the necklace referred to and worn is basically the same necklaces that are worn in today’s society. Specifically, those necklaces are worn around the neck and were braided together through a linking process. Additionally, the necklaces could be comprised of rings.

Often the necklaces were made of gold, but were sometimes comprised of jewels strung together.

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Interestingly, these adornments were not only worn by people, but also certain animals owned by specific important individuals in the Bible had these embellishments placed around their animal’s neck as well.

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In addition to generalizing the use of necklaces as found in the Scriptures, it may prove interesting to note certain occasions, celebrations and moments of honor in which these types of jewelry were either placed on the individual or removed from the individual.

When looking at various Scripture verses in The Word, there are numerous verses that deal with God’s displeasure at His people. In some of those Scriptures there are metaphors that compare the sins of His people to an unfaithful partner. Such verses as Jeremiah 2:32 (KJV) which declares, “Can a maid forget her ornaments, or bride her attire? Yet my people have forgotten me days without number.” Or Jeremiah 4:30 (KJV) which states, “And when thou art spoiled, what wilt thou do? Though thou clothest thyself with crimson, though thou deckest thee with ornaments of gold, though thou rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair; thy lovers will despise thee, they will seek thy life.”

Additionally, God’s love is revealed in Ezekiel 16:11(KJV) when he says, “I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck.” However, God is spurned and his broken heart is revealed in Ezekiel 23:40 (KJV) as he laments, “And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far, unto whom a messenger was sent; and, lo, they came: for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments.”

In a beautiful manner, necklaces or ornaments can be symbolic of elevating an individual or honoring an individual. This particular action is seen in Genesis 41:42 (KJV); “And Pharaoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph’s hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck…” Joseph, through the gift of God, was able to interept the dreams of Pharoah relative to the bounty that Egypt was to experience and then the famine. Pharoah recognized the uniqueness of Joseph due to his relationship with God and honored that godliness by placing his ring on Joseph’s finger and adorning his neck with a gold chain.

Another instance of an uncompromising believer being honored for their faithfulness is found in the Book of Daniel. Daniel 5:29 (KJV ) reads, “Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.” This adornment was due to the fact that Daniel was given the interpretation of the writing of the fingers from a hand on a wall. The godliness of Daniel was honored through the placement of a gold chain around his neck and being adorned with regal clothing.

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Consequently, we see the value of jewelry in honoring someone who is highly esteemed and appreciated.

Also, the wisdom of our earthly parents should be heeded and embraced as seen in Proverbs 1:9 (KJV); “For they shall be an ornament of grace unto thy head, and chains about the neck.” What beautiful symbolism as the valued instruction of our parents adorn our lifes like a beautiful necklace.

Finally, for the Christian, it is God’s adorning that we should crave or desire. Ezekiel 16:12 (KJV), God lovingly says; “And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and earrings in thine ears, and a beautiful crown upon thine head.” This adornment is so symbolic of God’s grace and beauty by creating us into new creatures.

Also, in Luke 15:22 (KJV) the prodigal returns after squandering his inheritance and the father’s response? The father’s response was not hate or unforgiveness or disownment…“but the father said to his servants, bring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet:”

God adorns the repentant prodigal or individual who cries out for forgiveness with His grace of adornment. A spiritual ring symbolizing a spiritual union and a necklace of love symbolizing his adoration and being the apple of His eye.

Category: Gold Chains, Gold Jewelry, Gold Necklaces, Jewelry History, Jewelry in the Bible